name	description	evidence
AIDS-defining conditions	Presence of specific opportunistic infections or cancers signaling progression to AIDS.	TRUNCATED

0

population

Global

percentage

0.7

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:7851311	REFUTE	Since the recognition of AIDS in 1981, it has become a global pandemic afflicting more than 6 million people worldwide. To date, more than 22 million people are infected with HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, and more than 40 million people may be infected with HIV by the year 2000.	The statement claims a global prevalence of AIDS at 0.7%, whereas the literature indicates a much higher number of people affected, inconsistent with the 0.7% prevalence.

0

phase

Onset

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:2922052	PARTIAL	A non-parametric implementation of this strategy produced an estimate with a median at 9.8 years...	The literature mentions a median incubation period of 9.8 years, which is within the range provided in the statement, but does not explicitly confirm the full range of 2-15 years.
PMID:3146367	PARTIAL	In the 10 patients for whom date of exposure to the virus could be established the incubation period was 11-28 days (median 14).	This reference provides a shorter incubation period (11-28 days) than the 2-15 years stated, suggesting the incubation period can vary widely depending on the study population, but does not directly support the 2-15 years range.
PMID:2996395	SUPPORT	The incubation period is long and few persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) have AIDS diagnosed within 2 to 5 years of infection.	This reference supports part of the statement (2-5 years), indicating an extended incubation period that falls within the provided range of 2-15 years.

incubation_years

2-15

0

name

CD4 T-cell Depletion

description

HIV infects and destroys CD4 T-cells, critical for immune system function.

cell_types

• CD4 T-lymphocyte

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:23772614	SUPPORT	The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis is a progressive depletion of CD4(+) T-cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OI).	The literature supports that the depletion of CD4 T-cells is a critical mechanism in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
PMID:9730930	SUPPORT	HIV-1 infects mononuclear cells using the CD4+ molecule... ongoing cellular destruction, leading to the characteristic immunodeficiency of AIDS and its opportunistic infections and neoplasms.	The literature affirms that HIV infects and destroys CD4 T-cells, leading to immunodeficiency.
PMID:9735117	SUPPORT	The entry of one HIV virion into a human being has the potential to cause death by the inexorable replication of the virus within the principal T lymphocyte, the CD4+ T cell.	This reference supports the assertion that HIV infects and leads to the destruction of CD4 T-cells, which are crucial for immune function.
PMID:17691934	SUPPORT	The role of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the pathogenesis of the Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is changed. Direct HIV-mediated killing of CD4(+) T cells is not the only mechanism leading to lymphocyte depletion.	While it indicates additional mechanisms, this literature still supports the role of direct HIV-mediated killing of CD4 T-cells.
PMID:38474196	SUPPORT	HIV is a major cause of death worldwide... HIV-positive individuals also demonstrate diminished glutathione (GSH) levels which allows for increased viral replication and...slowed the decline of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-positive individuals.	This reference supports the statement by noting the decline of CD4 T-cell counts due to HIV infection but adds information on glutathione's role in such processes.

1

name

Immune System Collapse

description

Progressive loss of CD4 T-cells leads to severe immunodeficiency.

cell_types

• CD4 T-lymphocyte

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:23772614	SUPPORT	The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis is a progressive depletion of CD4(+) T-cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OI).	This reference directly supports the statement by highlighting the progressive loss of CD4 T-cells as a key mechanism leading to severe immunodeficiency in AIDS.
PMID:34481993	SUPPORT	The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome results from infections by the human immunodeficiency virus, which targets CD4 T cells leading to defective immune responses.	The literature confirms that AIDS is caused by HIV targeting CD4 T cells, leading to defective immune responses, which aligns with the statement.
PMID:8140958	SUPPORT	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with direct infection and cell killing of CD4+ T cells... resulting in a loss of CD4+ T cells.	The reference supports the statement by discussing the loss of CD4+ T cells as a mechanism leading to severe immunodeficiency in AIDS.

2

name

Opportunistic Infections

description

Impaired immunity allows opportunistic pathogens to cause infections.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:1981824	SUPPORT	The inability of CD4+ T cells of HIV-1-infected patients to mount an effective immune response is widely believed to explain the increased susceptibility of these patients to opportunistic infections.	This references clearly indicates that the impaired immunity in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections, thus supporting the statement.
PMID:19584497	SUPPORT	Opportunistic parasitic infection can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Because many of these infections are treatable, an early and accurate diagnosis is important.	This study underscores the impact of opportunistic infections due to impaired immunity in AIDS patients.
PMID:11868686	SUPPORT	The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the result of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection damaging the cell-mediated immune system. A wide range of opportunistic infections (OIs) and tumours develop; additionally, HIV directly damages some organs.	The reference clearly states that impaired immunity from AIDS leads to various opportunistic infections.
PMID:25093312	SUPPORT	Incidence as well as morbidity and mortality of opportunistic infections (OI) have declined remarkably since the availability of antiretroviral treatment (ART).	Acknowledging the relationship between impaired immunity from HIV and opportunistic infections.
PMID:34481993	SUPPORT	The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome results from infections by the human immunodeficiency virus, which targets CD4 T cells leading to defective immune responses.	Clearly states how HIV causes defective immune responses, resulting in opportunistic infections.
PMID:2680057	SUPPORT	The number and severity of such infections have increased markedly with the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic.	The reference confirms the link between AIDS-related immunosuppression and increased severity of opportunistic infections.

3

name

AIDS-related Cancers

description

Weakened immune surveillance increases risk of certain cancers.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:12525676	SUPPORT	In acquired immunodeficiency due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV itself rarely directly causes cancer; rather, it provides the immunologic background against which other viruses can escape immune control and induce tumors.	The statement is supported by the literature indicating that weakened immune surveillance in the context of HIV infection increases the risk of certain cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
PMID:33843468	SUPPORT	Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is the most common AIDS-defining cancer, even as HIV-positive people live longer. Like other herpesviruses, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) establishes a lifelong infection of the host that in association with HIV infection may develop at any time during the illness.	The literature supports the notion that weakened immune surveillance due to HIV infection increases the risk of Kaposi Sarcoma, an AIDS-related cancer.
PMID:23259425	SUPPORT	A markedly increased risk of cervical cancer is known in women immunosuppressed due to AIDS or therapy following organ transplantation.	The literature indicates that immunosuppression due to AIDS increases the risk of cervical cancer, thus supporting the statement.

examples

Kaposi Sarcoma

0

category

Infectious

name

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

frequency

FREQUENT

diagnostic

True

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:1979021	SUPPORT	The occurrence of unusual infections, in particular Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia...	The reference indicates that Pneumocystis pneumonia is a common phenotype associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
PMID:33612763	SUPPORT	Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary tuberculosis infection (PTB) are important opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients.	The reference supports the presence of Pneumocystis pneumonia as a common infection among HIV-infected patients.
PMID:16182595	SUPPORT	Pulmonary infection caused by the opportunistic fungal organism Pneumocystis continues to be a leading AIDS defining illness.	The reference supports the statement by indicating that Pneumocystis pneumonia is an important AIDS-defining illness.
PMID:38110260	SUPPORT	...consistent use of Pneumocystis prophylaxis in all HIV exposed/infected children under 5 years of age has considerably reduced associated infections overall and respiratory infections in particular.	The reference suggests that Pneumocystis pneumonia is a common respiratory infection in HIV-infected individuals.
PMID:7915731	SUPPORT	The nature of the clinical presentation of HIV infection continues to evolve over time....Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia...can now be added to the classic clinical markers for progressive HIV infection.	The reference supports the statement by listing Pneumocystis pneumonia as a classic clinical marker for HIV infection progression.

1

category

Infectious

name

Candidiasis

frequency

FREQUENT

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:6496525	SUPPORT	Candidiasis is, by far, the most common mycotic infection of the human oral cavity... Extensive use of antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs have greatly increased the number of Candida-induced oral infections.	This reference details multiple forms of candidiasis affecting the mouth, including acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and indicates that it is common.
PMID:17944709	SUPPORT	Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)... Candida albicans accounted for 57.4% of fungal pathogens isolated.	Candidiasis is highlighted as a frequent and significant infection among AIDS patients.
PMID:2135639	SUPPORT	Esophageal candidiasis was reported in one fifth of the patients and were reported twice as often in women as in homosexual men.	This study indicates a significant occurrence of esophageal candidiasis among AIDS patients.
PMID:11363911	SUPPORT	Candidiasis.	This reference, although brief, provides context for candidiasis as an infectious condition relevant to AIDS.
PMID:15627906	SUPPORT	an oral examination was carried out on a group of 200 HIV-infected patients... ...Of the 86 (54.8%) patients with OC, 48.2% progressed to AIDS...	Candidiasis is cited here in the context of oral candidiasis and its prevalence among HIV-infected patients.

2

category

Neoplastic

name

Kaposi Sarcoma

frequency

FREQUENT

diagnostic

True

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:2661499	SUPPORT	One manifestation of this disease (AIDS) is Kaposi's Sarcoma. Usually a rare tumor, it occurs with a high incidence in patients with AIDS.	The abstract confirms that Kaposi's Sarcoma is commonly associated with AIDS, supporting the statement.
PMID:29660143	SUPPORT	Kaposi sarcoma is an oligoclonal HHV-8-driven vascular proliferation... We report a 52-year-old Caucasian man with HIV/AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma.	KS is explicitly linked with HIV/AIDS in this case report, supporting the association.
PMID:7915731	SUPPORT	New cutaneous (e.g., seborrheic dermatitis, onychomycosis, and tinea pedis) and systemic... markers for progressive HIV infection, such as Kaposi's sarcoma...	Kaposi's sarcoma cited as a marker for AIDS progression supports the statement.
PMID:35227156	SUPPORT	Delayed or missed diagnosis of HIV infection leads to a lack of timely therapy, resulting in rapid disease progression with opportunistic infections or malignancies.	Although KS is not explicitly mentioned, malignancies associated with AIDS are noted, supporting the general assertion.
PMID:9023448	SUPPORT	These disorders include nodal and extranodal lymphoproliferative lesions... smooth muscle tumors (SMTs), Kaposi's sarcoma...	KS is listed among the reactive and neoplastic proliferative disorders associated with AIDS.

3

category

Neurologic

name

HIV-associated Dementia

frequency

OCCASIONAL

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:9144008	SUPPORT	Of 1854 HIV-1 carriers, 578 had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 166 (28.7% of AIDS patients) had neurologic manifestations including HIV dementia (11.8%).	This study provides evidence that HIV-associated dementia is a neurologic manifestation seen in AIDS patients.
PMID:1493145	SUPPORT	Psychiatric manifestations that are the direct result of HIV infection are usually seen in the setting of HIV-associated dementia.	This paper supports the occurrence of HIV-associated dementia as a neurologic manifestation of AIDS.
PMID:2548429	SUPPORT	The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex is a frequent and devastating complication of infection with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1).	This reference elaborates on AIDS dementia complex, confirming its association with AIDS.

4

category

Hematologic

name

Anemia

frequency

FREQUENT

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:33475545	SUPPORT	Anaemia was a common finding among human immune deficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.	The study found that 66.1% of the patients with HIV/AIDS were anemic, indicating anemia is a common hematologic disorder in these patients.
PMID:9671334	SUPPORT	Anemia is common in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	The abstract discusses the commonality of anemia in HIV patients, supporting the statement.
PMID:6465173	SUPPORT	Ten patients were anemic, eight leukopenic, and three thrombocytopenic.	Out of 12 patients with AIDS, 10 were anemic, supporting the prevalence of anemia in individuals with AIDS.
PMID:2252248	SUPPORT	Anemia was significantly more profound in patients with AIDS and MAI than in other patients.	The study highlights a significant prevalence of anemia in patients with AIDS, especially those with disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection.

name	presence	evidence
CD4 T-cell Count	Decreased	TRUNCATED
HIV Viral Load	Increased	TRUNCATED

0

name

Antiretroviral Therapy

description

Combination of drugs that suppress HIV replication and preserve immune function.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:11218297	SUPPORT	HIV patients who have detectable viral loads and/or evidence of immunologic dysfunction should be treated with a potent combination antiretroviral regimen.	This indicates that a combination of drugs is used to treat HIV by suppressing its replication and preserving immune function.
PMID:11424971	SUPPORT	Suppression of HIV-1 replication results in both laboratory and clinical evidence of immune restoration.	Antiretroviral therapies suppress HIV replication, leading to immune restoration, although incomplete.
PMID:21722892	SUPPORT	Antiretroviral medications may have direct toxicity on gametes and embryos.	While highlighting the side effects, it recognizes antiretroviral medications as a treatment strategy involving a combination of drugs.
PMID:2550525	SUPPORT	Although many drugs have been developed, none appears singularly effective against all stages of HIV-1 infection.	This suggests the need for a combination of drugs to effectively treat HIV.
PMID:31237209	SUPPORT	One of the key therapeutic strategies is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) or 'AIDS cocktail' in a general sense, which is a customized combination of anti-retroviral drugs designed to combat the HIV infection.	This explicitly states that HAART is a combination of drugs used to treat HIV, aligning with the statement.

1

name

Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections

description

Preventive treatments to reduce risk of common opportunistic infections.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:9389311	SUPPORT	The United States Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (USPHS/IDSA) have established disease-specific recommendations for use of prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients.	The abstract indicates that there are established guidelines for the use of prophylaxis to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, supporting the statement about preventive treatments.
PMID:2996829	SUPPORT	The infections most commonly encountered in patients with AIDS are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (58%), Candida esophagitis (31%), toxoplasmosis (21%), cytomegalovirus infections (15%), and herpes-simplex virus infections (12%).	The document discusses common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients, implying the need for preventive treatments to reduce these risks.
PMID:2729337	SUPPORT	The subjects in this study are 24 women with AIDS who were treated by members of the Brown University medical faculty from June 1982 through June 1988... When zidovudine became available, it was administered to all remaining patients in the study. All subjects were counseled about HIV infection, its modes of transmission, and the early symptoms of opportunistic infections.	The study indicates that patients were informed about opportunistic infections and treatments were adjusted as new medications became available, supporting the statement about the use of prophylaxis.

2

name

Treatment of Opportunistic Infections

description

Specific therapies targeting diagnosed opportunistic infections.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:9336601	SUPPORT	Nevertheless, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of opportunistic infections remain important features of management of HIV infection.	The reference indicates that the treatment of opportunistic infections is a crucial aspect of HIV/AIDS management, supporting the statement that specific therapies target diagnosed opportunistic infections.
PMID:2435201	SUPPORT	Approaches to the treatment of AIDS have involved attempts to reestablish immune competence as well as treat opportunistic infections.	This reference mentions that treating opportunistic infections is a key component in the approaches to AIDS treatment, providing support for the statement.
PMID:15119284	SUPPORT	While HIV is the culprit, most people who die of AIDS do not die of HIV, per se, but from the numerous infections that the body can no longer control due to the collapse of the immune system.	The document explains the importance of treating opportunistic infections, as they are the primary cause of mortality in AIDS patients, hence supporting the statement.
PMID:9218066	SUPPORT	Complications which involve the gastrointestinal tract are common in these patients, because the gut is a major site for involvement by opportunistic infections and neoplasms in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	The reference discusses the importance of recognizing and treating gastrointestinal infections in AIDS patients, supporting the use of specific therapies for opportunistic infections as mentioned in the statement.
PMID:32216642	SUPPORT	The epidemiology and initial approach to diagnosis and treatment of HIV (including the newest antiretroviral guidelines), common syndromes and their management in the ICU, and typical comorbidities and opportunistic infections of patients with HIV infection are discussed.	This documentation emphasizes the management of opportunistic infections in the context of HIV, supporting the statement.
PMID:2729337	SUPPORT	All opportunistic infections were treated by appropriate, specific antimicrobial therapy.	The study explicitly mentions the treatment of opportunistic infections with specific antimicrobial therapies, confirming support for the statement.

Immunodeficiency Disorder Infectious Disease

name	evidence
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	TRUNCATED

name	description	evidence
Sexual Transmission	Spread through sexual contact with an HIV-infected person.	TRUNCATED
Blood-borne Transmission	Spread through sharing of needles, syringes or other injection equipment and blood transfusions.	TRUNCATED
Mother-to-Child Transmission	Spread from an HIV-infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.	TRUNCATED

0

name

HIV Antibody Test

presence

Positive

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:2672903	PARTIAL	Prudent use of screening tests for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and interpretation of test results require an understanding of the body's immune response to HIV infection, the serologic assays currently available, and the problems associated with false-positive and false-negative test results.	The reference acknowledges the use of HIV antibody tests in diagnosis but also highlights the issues of false-positive and false-negative test results.
PMID:2999090	NO_EVIDENCE		The specific content of the abstract is not provided, so it's impossible to determine whether it supports or refutes the statement.
PMID:26861193	REFUTE	Although HIV antibody tests have been widely accepted in clinical diagnosis of HIV infection, they may not be sufficient to diagnose all subjects with HIV infection.	This reference explains that while HIV antibody tests are widely used, they are not always sufficient for diagnosing all cases, indicating a limitation.
PMID:7910884	REFUTE	HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, especially those based on env peptides or on the sandwich format, can be negative in HIV-1 subtype O infection.	The literature specifically points out that HIV antibody tests might not detect certain HIV subtypes, thus refuting the universal reliability of these tests for diagnosing AIDS.

1

name

HIV Viral Load Test

presence

Positive

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:29641941	SUPPORT	A simple and rapid detection of viral load is important for patients and doctors to monitor HIV progression and antiretroviral treatment efficiency.	The HIV viral load test is essential for diagnosing and managing HIV infection, which causes AIDS.
PMID:36577167	SUPPORT	The present work describes a novel, rapid and field-deployable method using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for detection and prognosis of HIV positive clinical samples.	Describes a method for detecting and quantifying HIV, crucial for diagnosing AIDS.
PMID:2999090	NO_EVIDENCE	No specific information about the use of HIV viral load tests for diagnosing AIDS in the provided text.	The text focuses more on the broader discussion on AIDS and does not provide evidence supporting the specific use of viral load tests for diagnosis.
PMID:15543571	NO_EVIDENCE	EBV was detected in plasma... There was no association between EBV viral load and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load or CD4 count.	The study focuses on EBV viral load in AIDS patients and does not provide evidence supporting the use of HIV viral load tests for diagnosing AIDS.

AIDS