| name | description | evidence | geography |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zaire Ebolavirus | The most common and deadliest strain, responsible for the majority of Ebola outbreaks. | TRUNCATED |
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| Sudan Ebolavirus | Second most prevalent strain, associated with large outbreaks in Africa. | TRUNCATED |
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| Bundibugyo Ebolavirus | Identified in Uganda, this strain has caused smaller outbreaks. | TRUNCATED |
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| Taï Forest Ebolavirus | Known for a single outbreak in the Ivory Coast. | TRUNCATED |
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| Reston Ebolavirus | Only strain identified outside Africa; found in the Philippines and has not caused disease in humans. | TRUNCATED |
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| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:31002071 | SUPPORT | Our results suggest a serologic prevalence of 2%-3.5% in the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which have reported outbreaks of infection with EBOV. In addition we detected a seroprevalence of 1.3% in southern Cameroon, which indicated a low risk for exposure in this region. | The study shows variation in serologic prevalence of EBOV in different regions of Central Africa, which supports the statement that EVD prevalence is outbreak-dependent and varies by region in Central Africa. |
| PMID:34077889 | SUPPORT | The most EVD-affected countries were the Democratic Republic of Congo with five outbreaks and a pooled CFR of 65% (95% CI: 59-71%), followed by Uganda with three outbreaks and CFR of 83% (95% CI: 60-99%). | This meta-analysis shows varying case fatality rates and the prevalence of EVD outbreaks in Central Africa, supporting the statement that the prevalence is outbreak-dependent. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:25763588 | SUPPORT | The incubation period of the disease ranges from 2 to 21 days. | The literature specifies that the incubation period for Ebola virus disease ranges from 2 to 21 days, which aligns with the statement provided. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:32080199 | SUPPORT | EVD has a high case-fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. | The literature indicates that fever is a very frequent symptom of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). |
| PMID:28457350 | SUPPORT | This review highlights the range of aspects of EVD that the authors find are relevant to laboratory medicine, including the need for robust prediagnostic and laboratory processing algorithms to inform sampling of suspect patients, the vast majority of whom, in resource-rich settings, will have another diagnosis. | The background is specific to diagnostic issues for laboratory professionals, indicating the relevance of fever as a primary symptom for suspect cases during prediagnostic processes. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:32487785 | SUPPORT | It is usually diagnosed based on several clinical symptoms such as the sudden onset of illness, high fevers for less than three weeks, and at least two hemorrhagic symptoms despite no predisposing factors. | The literature confirms that hemorrhagic symptoms are a key diagnostic feature of EVD. |
| PMID:25113010 | SUPPORT | EVD that is a severe hemorrhagic fever and has a cumulative death rate of 41% in the ongoing epidemic in West Africa. | The literature categorizes EVD as a severe hemorrhagic fever. |
| PMID:28484180 | SUPPORT | Ebolaviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with human case fatality rates of up to 90%. | The literature confirms severe hemorrhagic fever as a phenotype of EVD. |
| PMID:30893774 | SUPPORT | Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is one of the most lethal transmissible infections, characterized by a high fatality rate, and caused by a member of the Filoviridae family. | The literature supports that EVD is a severe systemic disease with high fatality, implying high frequency and severity of symptoms like hemorrhage. |
| PMID:35657325 | SUPPORT | Ebolavirus disease (EVD) continues to pose a serious threat to global health. A group of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus causes this severe hemorrhagic disease in humans: Ebola virus (EBOV; species Zaire ebolavirus), Sudan virus (SUDV; species Sudan ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus, and Tai Forest virus. EBOV and SUDV are associated with the highest case fatality rates. | The literature supports that EVD is characterized by severe systemic symptoms, including severe hemorrhagic manifestations. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:25972150 | PARTIAL | Common gastrointestinal manifestations include...nausea and vomiting-60%...The diarrhea and nausea and vomiting frequently produce profound, life-threatening hypovolemia. | While vomiting is a common manifestation and can lead to severe consequences like life-threatening hypovolemia, the literature does not specifically categorize vomiting itself as "severe." The severity is associated with the complications resulting from vomiting and other symptoms. |
| PMID:32080199 | PARTIAL | EVD outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by human-to-human transmission via direct contact or contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated fomites. EVD has a high case-fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. | This reference indicates the inclusion of gastrointestinal signs in EVD, which can imply vomiting, but does not specifically mention the frequency or severity of vomiting. |
| PMID:27717513 | PARTIAL | The clinical spectrum of Ebola virus disease (EVD) ranges from very serious forms with organ failure and death within days to paucisymptomatic forms and perhaps even asymptomatic. | This suggests variability in EVD presentation, acknowledging severe forms, but it does not specify the severity or frequency of vomiting in particular. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:32080199 | SUPPORT | EVD has a high case-fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. | The reference mentions that EVD is characterized by gastrointestinal signs, indicating the relevance of diarrhea as a symptom. |
| PMID:25972150 | SUPPORT | Common gastrointestinal manifestations include diarrhea-70 %. | This directly supports the statement by noting that diarrhea is a common (70% frequency) gastrointestinal manifestation. |
| PMID:34986351 | SUPPORT | During the 2013-2016 West African (WA) Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak, severe gastrointestinal symptoms were common in patients and associated with poor outcome. | The reference highlights that severe gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, were common and associated with poor outcomes. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:25780982 | SUPPORT | The main cutaneous finding of Ebola is a nonspecific maculopapular rash that appears between day four and six of disease. | The statement is supported as the primary dermatologic phenotype associated with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a nonspecific maculopapular rash, and it is noted as a main cutaneous finding. |
| name | presence | evidence | assays |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ebola Virus Antigen | Positive | TRUNCATED |
|
| Ebola Virus RNA | Positive | TRUNCATED |
|
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:17848072 | SUPPORT | Among the various animals captured and analyzed, three species of fruit bats (suborder Megachiroptera) were found asymptomatically and naturally infected with Ebola virus: Hypsignathus monstrosus (hammer-headed fruit bats), Epomops franqueti (singing fruit bats), and Myonycteris torquata (little collared fruit bats). | This study confirms that certain species of fruit bats serve as Ebola virus reservoirs, supporting the notion that fruit bats are natural hosts of the virus. |
| PMID:28573636 | PARTIAL | Although an ebolavirus natural reservoir has yet to be identified, the majority of disease ecologists believe the reservoir to belong to the order Chiroptera (bats). | While bats are strongly suspected to be the natural reservoir, the virus has not been isolated definitively from them, providing partial but not conclusive support. |
| PMID:26757869 | SUPPORT | Fruit bats are its natural reservoir, the transmission to humans is across wild animals (especially primates) and the propagation in human populations is through bodily fluid contact. | This literature indicates that fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir for Ebola, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:26310206 | SUPPORT | Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. | This reference supports the involvement of animal reservoirs, including fruit bats, in the transmission chain of Ebola virus. |
| PMID:26147380 | SUPPORT | Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a zoonotic disease that causes severe haemorrhagic fever, with high fatality rates of up to 90% in humans. | This reference identifies EVD as a zoonotic disease, implying the involvement of animal reservoirs. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:37355146 | SUPPORT | Early detection and supportive care can enhance the likelihood of survival. This includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of secondary infections. | The provided literature supports that supportive care, including rehydration and symptomatic treatment, is a key component in the treatment of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). |
| PMID:28646340 | SUPPORT | Clinical management of EVD combines supportive and symptomatic care while also addressing the patient's emotional and mental health needs. | This literature indicates the combination of supportive and symptomatic care is part of the clinical management of EVD. |
| PMID:29054555 | SUPPORT | Key recommendations include administration of oral and, as necessary, intravenous hydration; systematic monitoring of vital signs and volume status; availability of key biochemical testing; adequate staffing ratios; and availability of analgesics, including opioids, for pain relief. | The evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with EVD include recommendations that align with rehydration and symptomatic treatments for managing fever, bleeding, and pain. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:27337455 | SUPPORT | The armamentarium against EVD eventually included biologics such as monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, and vaccines as well as small molecule therapeutics such as small interfering RNAs and nucleoside analogs. | The reference mentions the use of various experimental therapies including immune therapies (monoclonal antibodies), blood products (convalescent plasma), and small molecule therapeutics (antiviral drugs). |
| PMID:11766882 | SUPPORT | This review describes Ebola viruses, with a particular focus on the status of research efforts to develop vaccines and therapeutics and to identify the immune mechanisms of protection. | The reference highlights the ongoing research for developing therapeutics, including immune mechanisms for protection, which aligns with the statement. |
| PMID:25457751 | SUPPORT | Recently, the use of convalescent blood products was proposed by the WHO as one early option for treating patients with Ebola virus disease. | The reference confirms the use of convalescent blood products as a treatment strategy for EVD, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:32487785 | SUPPORT | Management of patients involves supportive care such as maintaining fluid along with electrolyte balance, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. This also includes treating complications arising from secondary infections. The main options include: prophylactic strategies, anti-viral therapy for EVD, immunotherapies, vaccines, and ZMapp. | The reference lists anti-viral therapy and immunotherapies as main treatment options, confirming the statement's reference to experimental therapies. |
| PMID:30943399 | SUPPORT | We describe therapeutic monoclonal antibodies isolated from human volunteers vaccinated with recombinant adenovirus expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP). | The reference discusses therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which are a form of immune therapy, in line with the statement. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:28017403 | SUPPORT | The results add weight to the interim assessment that rVSV-ZEBOV offers substantial protection against Ebola virus disease, with no cases among vaccinated individuals from day 10 after vaccination in both randomised and non-randomised clusters. | The study shows that rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine offers substantial protection against Ebola virus disease, supporting the statement that it is effective in preventing Ebola infection. |
| PMID:32243796 | SUPPORT | Ervebo is the first licensed vaccine for prevention of Ebola virus disease. | The article states that Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) is licensed for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, supporting the statement that the vaccine is effective in preventing Ebola infection. |
| PMID:33873076 | SUPPORT | Currently, two vaccines: Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) and a two-dose combination of Zabdeno (Ad26.ZEBOV) and Mvabea (MVA-BN-Filo) have been licensed and in use. | The abstract mentions that Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) has been licensed and is being used to prevent Ebola Virus Disease, supporting the statement that it is effective in preventing infection. |
| PMID:34749265 | SUPPORT | In 2019, the FDA-approved the first anti-EBOV vaccine, rVSV-EBOV-GP (Ervebo(R) by Merck). This live-recombinant vaccine confers both prophylactic and therapeutic protection to nonhuman primates and humans. | The article confirms that the rVSV-EBOV-GP (Ervebo) vaccine is FDA-approved and provides prophylactic protection against Ebola, supporting the statement that it is effective in preventing Ebola infection. |
| name | evidence |
|---|---|
| Ebola Virus | TRUNCATED |
| name | description | evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Fluid Transmission | Virus is transmitted through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected individuals or animals. | TRUNCATED |
| Contaminated Surfaces | The virus can survive on surfaces, infecting individuals through contact with these contaminated surfaces. | TRUNCATED |