| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:26618123 | PARTIAL | The role of benign melanocytic lesions as precursors and not only as risk markers for the development of cutaneous melanoma is controversial. | This study does not provide a direct prevalence figure but discusses the controversial role of benign melanocytic lesions, including congenital nevi, as precursors to melanoma. |
| PMID:17377384 | PARTIAL | The observations of this study also suggest that the risk of appearance of MM, at least in childhood and adolescence, is limited for medium-sized CMN. | This reference suggests that the risk of melanoma (MM) from medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) is limited in childhood and adolescence, but does not provide a specific prevalence percentage. |
| PMID:19880040 | PARTIAL | Some risk factors for melanoma include xeroderma pigmentosum, giant congenital melanocytic nevi, dysplastic nevus syndrome, atypical nevi, many acquired melanocytic nevi, family history of melanoma, and immunosuppression. | While this source lists giant congenital melanocytic nevi as a risk factor, it does not directly address the prevalence of melanoma in these nevi. |
| PMID:35561684 | PARTIAL | Their most dangerous consequence is progression to melanoma. This risk often triggers preemptive extensive surgical excisions in childhood, producing severe lifelong challenges. | The reference acknowledges the high risk of melanoma progression in giant congenital melanocytic nevi but does not quantify the prevalence in the general population. |
| PMID:36303818 | PARTIAL | The congenital melanocytic nevus: a rare clinical image. | This case report emphasizes the rarity of congenital melanocytic nevi progressing to melanoma, but no specific prevalence data is provided for the general population. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:35946357 | SUPPORT | IMPORTANCE: The differential diagnosis between proliferative nodules (PNs) and melanoma arising in congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) is crucial, as patients with PNs most often experience no increased risk of melanoma with metastases and death. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the utility of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in distinguishing PNs from childhood and adult-onset melanoma arising in CMN. | The study discusses melanoma arising in congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) and compares childhood and adult-onset cases, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:28785360 | SUPPORT | Although not common, the possible malignant transformation remains one of the most important considerations related to them, as the related lifetime risk of melanoma is 4% to 10%. | The abstract discusses the risk of melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevi occurring from childhood to adulthood, supporting the statement. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:16750612 | SUPPORT | The most exciting finding is the discovery of oncogenic BRAF mutations in both malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevi. This finding indicates that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway may be a critical initiating step of melanocytic neoplasia. | This study supports the role of BRAF mutations in the pathophysiology of melanoma in melanocytic nevi, including congenital cases. |
| PMID:28110826 | PARTIAL | Congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome (CMNS) is the result of an abnormal proliferation of melanocytes in the skin and central nervous system caused by progenitor-cell mutations during embryonic development. Mutations in the NRAS gene have been detected in many of these cells. | This reference covers NRAS mutations in congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome but does not mention BRAF mutations. |
| PMID:32100974 | SUPPORT | Melanomas developing on pre-existing congenital or acquired nevi are usually of the superficial spreading subtype and harbor the BRAFV600E mutation. | This study supports the presence of BRAF mutations in melanomas associated with congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| PMID:31111470 | SUPPORT | NRAS mosaicism was found in 68%, BRAF in 7% and double wild-type in 25% of cases of CMN. NRAS was the commonest mutation in all sizes of CMN. | This comprehensive review provides evidence of both NRAS and BRAF mutations in congenital melanocytic nevi, which supports their role in the development of melanoma. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:25268584 | PARTIAL | the three CNMs contained an activating NRAS Q61 mutation and no TERT-p mutations. | While the study does not explicitly link UV radiation to melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevus (CNM), it differentiates the mutational spectrum of CNMs from other types of melanoma, suggesting a distinct pathogenesis. Thus, the connection between UV radiation and CNM-related melanoma remains implicit and not clearly defined. |
| PMID:33759772 | NO_EVIDENCE | validated the role of ultraviolet-induced DNA mutations in melanoma formation | This reference confirms the role of UV-induced DNA mutations in melanoma formation but does not specifically address melanoma developing from congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:20888464 | PARTIAL | The relative risk for melanoma arising within a congenital nevus is related to the size of the lesion. | This reference supports the connection between congenital melanocytic nevi and melanoma but does not specify that it is very frequent. |
| PMID:34799033 | PARTIAL | This article provides an update on the clinical, histopathologic, and ancillary testing for 3 categories of particularly challenging pigmented lesions: congenital melanocytic nevi, spitzoid neoplasms, and pediatric melanoma. | This reference confirms that melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevi is associated with pigmented lesions and involves clinical, histopathologic evaluation which can count as dermatologic diagnostic, but does not claim it to be very frequent. |
| PMID:32392930 | PARTIAL | Although most of the PN manifest as a benign lesion clinically, it may have certain malignant potential at the genetic level, and warrant long-term monitoring and follow-up. | This reference suggests that proliferative nodules in congenital melanocytic nevi may have malignant potential, so it acknowledges the risk of melanoma but does not indicate that it is very frequent. |
| PMID:34887981 | PARTIAL | Giant CMN also known as 'bathing trunk nevus,' 'giant hairy nevus', and 'nevus pigmentosus et pilosus' has highest potential to turn into malignant melanoma. | The study indicates that giant CMN has a higher potential to develop melanoma, recognizing the risk but not specifying the frequency for all CMNs. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:27486690 | PARTIAL | The differential diagnosis between proliferative nodules (PNs) and melanoma arising in congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) is crucial, as patients with PNs most often experience no increased risk of melanoma with metastases and death. | The study discusses the presence of proliferative nodules and melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevi, noting that nodules can be mistaken for melanoma. This partially supports that nodules are a frequent phenotype but doesn't provide a clear frequency or definitively state they are always indicative of melanoma. |
| PMID:36122342 | PARTIAL | A Pigmented Nodule on Congenital Melanocytic Nevus: Challenge. | The presence of a pigmented nodule on congenital melanocytic nevi is noted, suggesting it can be a feature but does not elaborate on its frequent occurrence in melanoma specifically. |
| PMID:17653760 | PARTIAL | A group of melanocytic benign nevi are prone to be misdiagnosed as nodular or superficial spreading melanoma. This review illustrates the most frequent forms of these nevi in direct comparison with their malignant morphologic counterparts. | While it outlines that melanocytic nevi, including nodules, can be misdiagnosed as melanoma, it stops short of stating the frequency with which nodules are a phenotype of melanoma. |
| PMID:10591787 | NO_EVIDENCE | They run an increased life-time risk of transformation into malignant melanoma. | This reference mentions the risk of congenital melanocytic nevi transforming into melanoma but does not specifically discuss nodules as a frequent phenotype or their dermatologic characteristics. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:38779794 | SUPPORT | A 30-year-old female patient presented with a swelling of a cervical left lymph node measuring 1x3 cm, which had been presenting for three weeks. Lymph node excision revealed a metastasis of a malignant melanoma. | The swollen lymph nodes indicating metastasis, with the subject having melanoma, supports the statement of lymphadenopathy as an occasional systemic phenotype of melanoma-in-congenital-melanocytic-nevus. |
| PMID:14750241 | PARTIAL | Melanocytic nevi occurring in lymph nodes create diagnostic difficulty by mimicking metastases. Few studies describe nodal nevi in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) excised for melanoma. | While this source discusses lymph nodes in relation to melanoma, the focus is more on diagnostic difficulty rather than a clear statement of lymphadenopathy as a phenotype. |
| PMID:11902552 | SUPPORT | Lymph-node metastasis is an indicator of poor prognosis for patients with melanoma. | Lymph-node metastasis being a poor prognosis indicator supports the link between swollen lymph nodes and metastasis in melanoma patients, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:18481261 | PARTIAL | Malignant melanomas of the skin primarily metastasize to lymph nodes, and the detection of sentinel lymph node metastases serves as an important prognostic parameter. | This source confirms the occurrence of lymph node metastasization in melanoma but does not specifically address it in the context of congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:16750612 | SUPPORT | The most exciting finding is the discovery of oncogenic BRAF mutations in both malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevi. | The excerpt indicates that BRAF mutations are found in both malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevi, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:37156689 | SUPPORT | A lot of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) carry the somatic mutation in the oncogene BRAF V600E. | The excerpt clearly states the presence of BRAF mutations in congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| PMID:31111470 | SUPPORT | BRAF is confirmed as a much rarer cause of multiple CMN. | Although BRAF is a less common mutation in CMN, its presence still supports the statement. |
| PMID:36085074 | SUPPORT | Mutations in NRAS have been previously detected in GCMN, but mutations in BRAF are generally lacking in the Chinese population. | The excerpt suggests the presence of BRAF mutations in GCMN, though less frequent in the Chinese population. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:33851646 | SUPPORT | NRAS mutant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus in an infant. | This reference directly describes a case of NRAS mutant melanoma arising in the context of giant congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| PMID:31111470 | SUPPORT | Multiple congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) have been shown to be caused by NRAS mosaic mutations in 70-80% of cases. | This reference provides statistical data supporting the association between NRAS mutations and congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:32281145 | SUPPORT | Both UVB and UVA are physiologically responsible for a plethora of skin ailments, including skin cancers. The UVR is readily absorbed by the genomic DNA of skin cells, causing DNA bond distortion and UV-induced DNA damage. | This excerpt supports the statement that UV radiation from sunlight causes DNA damage, which is relevant to Melanoma_in_Congenital_Melanocytic_Nevus. |
| PMID:35298329 | SUPPORT | Sunbed use is responsible for a significant proportion of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, especially in patients exposed to this practice in early life, premature skin ageing, immunosuppression, skin burns, and eye damage. | This supports the statement by indicating that artificial tanning devices, such as tanning beds, contribute to the development of skin cancers, including melanoma, through exposure to UV radiation. |
| PMID:30113042 | SUPPORT | The main etiologic factor is ultraviolet radiation, from the sun as well as artificial tanning devices. | This explains that UV radiation from both natural sunlight and artificial tanning devices is a major factor in melanoma development. |
| PMID:25252745 | SUPPORT | UV radiation is a carcinogen known to play a role in the development of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Acute and chronic exposure to UV radiation causes clinical and biological effects that promote the unregulated proliferation of skin cells. | This information supports the statement by highlighting the role of UV radiation in the development of melanoma, through DNA damage. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:33010324 | NO_EVIDENCE | Segmental excision of congenital melanocytic nevus by multiple incisions. | None |
| PMID:11079795 | SUPPORT | An excisional biopsy is the appropriate diagnostic procedure for a skin lesion suspected of being a melanoma. | Excision is recommended for diagnosing and treating melanoma. |
| PMID:14379056 | SUPPORT | The tenet of excision and dissection in continuity where feasible of the primary melanoma and the regional lymph nodes is reemphasized. | This reference supports the surgical excision of melanoma, including melanoma arising in congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| PMID:22980259 | PARTIAL | Treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) is generally undertaken for 2 reasons: (1) to reduce the chances of cutaneous malignant melanoma and (2) for cosmetic reasons. | Excision is one of several treatments considered but the exact treatment for melanoma is not specified. |
| PMID:1615092 | SUPPORT | The child underwent a complete surgical excision of this lesion with immediate coverage by partial-thickness skin grafts. | The reference describes a case where melanoma in a congenital melanocytic nevus was treated by surgical excision. |
| PMID:15817400 | SUPPORT | Surgical excision may be considered for cosmetic purposes and to reduce the small risk for the development of malignancy within each lesion. | Surgical excision is recommended for congenital melanocytic nevus to mitigate cancer risk. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:27453302 | SUPPORT | In recent years systemic targeted- and immunotherapy have proven to be beneficial in advanced melanoma and could be a promising strategy for (neo)adjuvant treatment of patients with resectable high risk melanomas as well. | This indicates that immunotherapy, which stimulates the immune system to target melanoma cells, could be beneficial for melanoma in high-risk patients, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:16762733 | SUPPORT | Melanoma has been widely studied as a target for immunotherapy because it has been considered more susceptible to immune attack than other tumors... This article reviews the recent clinical results of trials exploring different immunotherapy strategies against melanoma. | The literature supports that immunotherapy is used to target melanoma cells, supporting the statement. |
| PMID:36435868 | PARTIAL | Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for patients with metastatic melanoma; however, there remains an unmet clinical need for alternative treatment options for those patients who are either intolerant or refractory to immunotherapy. | This suggests that while immunotherapy is used, it is not universally effective for all patients, therefore partially supporting the statement. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:24880943 | SUPPORT | In cutaneous melanomas with BRAF V600 mutations the selective RAF inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and the MEK inhibitor, trametinib, have demonstrated survival benefits. | This reference indicates that targeted therapies, such as BRAF inhibitors, are effective in treating melanomas with specific genetic mutations. |
| PMID:30792255 | PARTIAL | We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus that had an AKAP9-BRAF fusion and was treated with trametinib, which resulted in rapid resolution of the patient's lifelong, intractable pain and pruritus as well as dramatic improvement in the extent of her nevus. | This reference supports the use of trametinib, a targeted therapy, in treating a congenital melanocytic nevus with a specific genetic mutation, though the primary outcome discussed is symptom relief rather than melanoma treatment. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:8977557 | PARTIAL | Although surgery remains the treatment of choice for the vast majority of localized melanomas, available data indicate that radiation therapy is a viable alternative for a few subsets of patients in whom surgery would result in cosmetic or functional deformity. | Radiation therapy is recommended in certain circumstances, but is not the primary treatment method for localized melanomas which include melanomas arising from congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| PMID:12609784 | NO_EVIDENCE | Lasers should only be regarded as a treatment option for GCMN that cannot be surgically excised. | The provided abstract discusses laser therapy as an alternative to surgery for GCMN but does not mention radiation therapy. |
| PMID:28092363 | NO_EVIDENCE | This review will focus exclusively on genetically engineered mouse models of UVR-induced melanoma. | The provided abstract is about mouse models for UV-induced melanoma and does not discuss the treatment of melanomas arising from congenital melanocytic nevi with radiation therapy. |
| PMID:19880040 | PARTIAL | Adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy can be used in advanced cases. | Radiation therapy is listed as an adjuvant treatment in advanced pediatric melanoma cases, which can include those arising from conditions like congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| PMID:29958291 | PARTIAL | Radiation therapy is a useful and standard tumor treatment strategy... Some strategies are focused on enhancement of accuracy in ionizing radiation delivery and on the generation of greater radiation beams... | The abstract discusses radiation therapy and its enhancement but does not specifically address radiation therapy for melanomas originating from congenital melanocytic nevi. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:22980259 | PARTIAL | Treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) is generally undertaken for 2 reasons: (1) to reduce the chances of cutaneous malignant melanoma and (2) for cosmetic reasons. Over the past century, a large number of treatments for CMN have been described in the literature. These include excision, dermabrasion, curettage, chemical peels, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, electrosurgery, and lasers. Only low-level evidence supporting these approaches is available, and large randomized controlled trials have not been published. | Although chemotherapy is not explicitly mentioned, the focus on various treatments for melanoma suggests that a range of therapeutic approaches exists. |
| PMID:27268913 | PARTIAL | Malignant melanoma represents a neoplasm stemming from melanocytes or the cells that develop from melanocytes. Melanocytes, pigment-producing cells, arise from the neural crest and migrate to their final destinations in the skin, uveal tract, meninges, and mucosa. Most melanocytes are found at the epidermal-dermal junction of the skin, and the vast majority of melanocytes arise from cutaneous sites. Cancerous growths develop when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumours. | While chemotherapy is an established approach for treating malignant melanoma, this reference does not provide explicit information about its use specifically in congenital melanocytic nevus-related melanoma. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:22481578 | SUPPORT | Dermoscopy is a noninvasive, in vivo method for the early diagnosis of malignant melanoma and the differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the skin. | The dermoscopic examination is highlighted as a crucial tool in diagnosing malignant melanoma, supporting the statement that melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevus can be diagnosed through dermatoscopic examination. |
| PMID:7490345 | SUPPORT | Dermoscopic examination has shown potential in evaluating benign melanocytic lesions as risk markers or precursors of cutaneous melanoma. | The reference emphasizes the role of dermoscopic examination in evaluating melanocytic lesions, which aligns with diagnosing melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:9357498 | SUPPORT | Awareness of these simulants may prevent misinterpretation of a benign superficial congenital compound melanocytic nevus as a malignant melanoma. | This indicates that histopathological examination, which includes skin biopsy, is indeed a method used to diagnose melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN), supporting the use of skin biopsy for confirming melanoma. |
| PMID:27096540 | SUPPORT | Intralesional (incision) biopsy for melanoma diagnosis can be warranted for large lesions or for those lesions whose in-toto excision leads to cosmetic and/or functional impairment. | This supports the statement as it mentions that biopsies, a form of histopathological examination, are used for diagnosing melanoma in specific cases related to CMNs. |
| PMID:24786371 | PARTIAL | Childhood melanoma is often amelanotic and may also appear as raised or ulcerated lesions commonly mistaken for warts or other benign skin conditions. Excision and full-thickness punch biopsies are indicated for suspicious lesions. | This partially supports the statement by indicating the use of full-thickness punch biopsies for suspicious lesions in a pediatric context, but it does not specifically mention congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:9283554 | PARTIAL | The sentinel node was successfully identified in 55 patients (95 percent)... By combining the two mapping techniques in patients with melanoma of the head and neck, the sentinel node(s) can be mapped and identified individually, similar to melanoma in other locations. | This study demonstrates the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma, confirming its role in determining the spread to lymph nodes. However, it does not specifically address melanoma within congenital melanocytic nevus. |
| PMID:32729623 | PARTIAL | Nodal melanocytic nevi are common incidental findings in lymph nodes that have been removed during sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma. | This study acknowledges the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanomas, and also mentions nodal melanocytic nevi as incidental findings. However, it does not directly confirm the diagnosis of melanoma within congenital melanocytic nevi using this technique. |
| PMID:22864798 | NO_EVIDENCE | Children with melanoma have higher rates of SLN metastases (29%) than adults with comparable melanomas. Despite the higher incidence of nodal metastases, survival is equal to or better than what is reported for adults. | This study discusses the rates of sentinel lymph node metastases in pediatric melanoma but does not specifically address the congenital melanocytic nevus as the primary condition. |