| name | description | evidence |
|---|---|---|
| West African Clade | Typically causes milder illness with lower mortality rates. | TRUNCATED |
| Central African (Congo Basin) Clade | Generally associated with more severe clinical manifestations and higher mortality rates. | TRUNCATED |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36007687 | SUPPORT | MPX is endemic in central and western Africa. | The abstract directly states that monkeypox (MPX) is endemic in Central and West Africa. |
| PMID:35762024 | SUPPORT | The disease is known to cause severe outcome in children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised hosts and this group need to be given special attention. The monkeypox disease outbreak (2022) in non-endemic countries should be used as an opportunity by India and other low and middle income countries to strengthen public health surveillance and health system capacity for outbreak and epidemic preparedness and response. | The reference suggests that while the 2022 outbreak occurred in non-endemic countries, monkeypox remains endemic in Central and West Africa, supporting the statement about varying prevalence by outbreak and its endemic status in these regions. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:37026012 | SUPPORT | Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs. | This snippet confirms that monkeypox virus multiplies at the site of entry and spreads into the bloodstream. |
| PMID:36253513 | SUPPORT | We detected MPXV in interstitial cells and seminiferous tubules of testes as well as epididymal lumina, which are the sites of sperm production and maturation. | This reference mentions that the virus is found in specific tissues after initial replication, which supports the idea that it spreads systemically. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36396927 | SUPPORT | Initially, there is a prodrome phase of a few days, which is followed by the appearance of rashes. The dermatological manifestations are in the form of an exanthematous rash, which transforms through a macular, papular, and vesicular phase and disappears after crusting in approximately 3 weeks. | This reference confirms that rash is a common dermatologic manifestation of monkeypox. |
| PMID:36396927 | SUPPORT | Respiratory manifestations include nasal congestion and shortness of breath that may result in secondary bacterial infections. | This reference further mentions the potential for secondary infections. |
| PMID:35904894 | SUPPORT | Pleomorphic skin lesions appear ranging from macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, some of which may appear umbilicated before crusting over. | This reference supports the frequent occurrence of various types of rashes in monkeypox. |
| PMID:36223653 | SUPPORT | Our clinical evaluation identified skin lesions as the optimal diagnostic specimen source. | This reference mentions that skin lesions (including rashes) are significant for diagnosis. |
| PMID:36729940 | SUPPORT | Primarily affecting the sexually active population, these cases present with mucocutaneous lesions mainly localized in perioral, genital, and anal areas. | This reference describes mucocutaneous lesions, which also support dermatologic manifestations. |
| PMID:37403493 | SUPPORT | Monkeypox (MPX) characteristically presents as a fever with a vesiculopustular rash. | This reference clearly states that a vesiculopustular rash is characteristic of monkeypox. |
| PMID:15660652 | SUPPORT | Initially, it presents with skin eruptions and fevers with diaphoresis and rigors. Clinically, the skin lesions progress from papules to vesiculopustules to resolving eschars. | This reference confirms the typical progression of skin lesions, including rashes, in monkeypox. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36680365 | SUPPORT | Depending on the kind of exposure, patients with monkeypox may experience a febrile prodrome 5-13 days after exposure, which frequently includes lymphadenopathy, malaise, headaches, and muscle aches. | The reference indicates that fever is a common symptom experienced by patients with monkeypox, supporting the statement that fever (systemic phenotype) occurs with high frequency. |
| PMID:35924502 | SUPPORT | Monkeypox usually presents with a flu-like prodromal period (fever, headache, chills, sweating) associated or followed by the appearance of lymphadenopathy and a typical skin rash. | This reference also confirms that fever is a commonly observed systemic phenotype in monkeypox patients. |
| PMID:37132057 | SUPPORT | Depending on the kind of exposure, patients with monkeypox may experience a febrile prodrome 5-13 days after exposure, which frequently includes lymphadenopathy, malaise, headaches, and muscle aches. | This reference further supports the statement by mentioning fever as part of the common symptoms during the prodromal phase of monkeypox infection. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36396927 | SUPPORT | Other symptoms can include diarrhea, vomiting, myalgia, and backache. | The reference states that myalgia is a symptom that can occur in monkeypox patients, indicating it's a recognized phenotype. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36734592 | SUPPORT | The primary lymphadenitis caused by human monkeypox infection, the first such human pathology to be documented, is unique among poxes in its association and prominence. | The cited study specifically addresses the clinicopathologic features of human monkeypox lymphadenitis, confirming that lymphadenopathy is a common phenotype in monkeypox. |
| name | presence | evidence | context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monkeypox Virus PCR | Positive | TRUNCATED | Diagnostic test to confirm the presence of the virus |
| Serology for Orthopoxvirus Antibodies | Positive | TRUNCATED | Indicates exposure to or vaccination against orthopoxviruses |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:12083817 | SUPPORT | Monkeypox virus (MPV) belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae... The 196,858-bp MPV genome was analyzed with regard to structural features. | The reference confirms that the monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and details the structural features of its DNA genome. |
| PMID:36286263 | SUPPORT | Monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus part of the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. | The reference supports the statement by confirming that Monkeypox virus is a DNA virus from the Orthopoxvirus genus. |
| PMID:38801573 | SUPPORT | The monkeypox virus is a part of the Poxviridae family, Orthopoxvirus genus, and is accountable for smallpox. | This reference reaffirms that the monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and has a DNA-based genome. |
| PMID:37611023 | SUPPORT | Monkeypox is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope and is a member of the Poxviridae family’s Orthopoxvirus genus. | This reference confirms the genetic features and classification of the monkeypox virus as specified in the statement. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:37403493 | SUPPORT | Supporting care involves the assessment of the primary skin lesions, sites of involvement, distribution, number and size of lesions, and pattern of progression of the rash, along with the onset of the rash relative to the occurrence of fever and other systemic signs. | The document emphasizes how supportive care is central to the management of symptoms, including fever. |
| PMID:29231870 | SUPPORT | MPX patients could benefit from clinical support to mitigate the consequences of compromised skin and mucosa. This should include prevention and treatment of secondary bacterial infections (and other complications), ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition, and protecting vulnerable anatomical locations such as the eyes and genitals. | This reference highlights the importance of supportive care for hydration and managing symptoms. |
| PMID:36342045 | SUPPORT | If individuals test positive for the monkeypox virus, self-isolation at home is recommended for most people with mild symptoms. If patients report severe symptoms, referral and admission to hospital will be needed, where further interventions such as antivirals may be administered. | This supports the role of supportive care in managing mild symptoms, including fever and pain. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36107794 | SUPPORT | Tecovirimat (Tpoxx), however, is an antiviral drug that has demonstrated efficacy in animal studies and is FDA-approved for treating smallpox. Use of tecovirimat for treatment of monkeypox in the United States is permitted only through an FDA-regulated Expanded Access Investigational New Drug (EA-IND) mechanism. | The article supports the investigational use of tecovirimat (TPOXX) for treating Monkeypox under an investigational new drug protocol. |
| PMID:36547989 | SUPPORT | Tecovirimat Treatment for Monkeypox Virus Keratouveitis. | The article specifically discusses the use of tecovirimat for treating a form of Monkeypox, indicating ongoing investigative use. |
| PMID:36253931 | SUPPORT | Brincidofovir and tecovirimat were the most studied medications that got approval for smallpox treatment according to the Animal Rule. Due to the conserved virology among Orthopoxviruses, available medications might also be effective against monkeypox. | The text confirms that investigational treatments, particularly tecovirimat (TPOXX), are considered for treating Monkeypox. |
| PMID:36470502 | SUPPORT | Tecovirimat was used in 61 individuals... Tecovirimat is the most used and has proven beneficial in several aggravating cases. | The article provides individual patient data on the use of tecovirimat as an investigational treatment for Monkeypox and summarizes its efficacy and safety. |
| PMID:36746493 | NO_EVIDENCE | The provided literature does not include useful content to verify the statement. | |
| PMID:36851785 | SUPPORT | the FDA-approved drug that is efficacious at nanomolar quantities against monkeypox. | The article states that tecovirimat is effective at nanomolar quantities against Monkeypox, supporting its use as investigational therapy. |
| PMID:36897017 | SUPPORT | The antiviral drugs tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are considered for mpox (monkeypox) treatment despite a lack of clinical evidence. | The article mentions tecovirimat as one of the investigational treatments considered for monkeypox, supporting its use. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36104166 | PARTIAL | We report a case of monkeypox in the United States in a patient who had been vaccinated with ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine 8 years earlier. Despite his vaccination status, he still contracted disease. | This case indicates that the patient contracted monkeypox despite vaccination, suggesting limited or no cross-protection by the ACAM2000 vaccine. |
| PMID:27768891 | PARTIAL | Monkeypox (MPXV) and cowpox (CPXV) are emerging agents that cause severe human infections on an intermittent basis, and variola virus (VARV) has potential for use as an agent of bioterror. Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) has been used therapeutically to treat severe orthopoxvirus infections but is in short supply. | This reference mentions broader cross-protective immunity for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox, suggesting a potential for cross-protection, though specifics about the smallpox vaccine's efficacy aren't detailed. |
| PMID:35763248 | SUPPORT | Two vaccines are currently available, JYNNEOS(TM) (live, replication incompetent vaccinia virus) and ACAM2000((R)) (live, replication competent vaccinia virus). | The presence of orthopoxvirus vaccines like ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS indicates their consideration in the context of monkeypox prevention, implying potential cross-protection. |
| PMID:37087871 | SUPPORT | CONCLUSION: ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS vaccines have proven to be efficient in preventing Mpox even though variations exist in their modes of action and associated significant effects. | Both the ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS vaccines show efficacy in preventing monkeypox, supporting the statement regarding cross-protection. |
| PMID:36274490 | SUPPORT | It has been observed that smallpox vaccines can be used to protect against MPX. The present article highlights the significant points and various issues for vaccines and vaccinations that should be considered related to MPX. | The use of smallpox vaccines for protection against monkeypox is explicitly mentioned, supporting the potential for cross-protection. |
| reference | supports | snippet | explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMID:36746493 | PARTIAL | Preventing the spread through quarantine of infected individuals and proper hygiene practices. | While management and treatment guidelines for monkeypox highlight the importance of quarantine and infection control practices, they also emphasize medical treatments and case management. |
| PMID:36241815 | PARTIAL | Monkeypox is an infectious disease, characterised by a rash affecting the skin and soft tissues, including the oral cavity. | The literature mentions the importance of infection control in preventing the spread of monkeypox, particularly in dental settings. |
| name | evidence |
|---|---|
| Monkeypox Virus | TRUNCATED |
| name | description | evidence | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal Reservoirs | None | TRUNCATED | Rodents and primates are suspected reservoirs; transmission can occur through handling of infected animals. |
| Human-to-Human Transmission | None | TRUNCATED | Significant during outbreaks, particularly in close-contact settings. |
| Direct Contact | Transmission through contact with body fluids, lesions, or respiratory secretions. | TRUNCATED | None |
| Fomite Transmission | Contact with contaminated clothing, bedding, or other materials. | TRUNCATED | None |
| Respiratory Droplets | Inhalation of large respiratory droplets from close contact with infected individuals. | TRUNCATED | None |