name	description	evidence
Adenosquamous Carcinoma	A rare subtype displaying both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma features.	TRUNCATED
ALK-rearranged NSCLC	NSCLC with ALK gene rearrangements, responsive to ALK inhibitors.	TRUNCATED
EGFR-mutant NSCLC	NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations, responsive to EGFR inhibitors.	TRUNCATED

0

phase

Onset

age_range

60-80

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:15477641	NO_EVIDENCE	What is clear is that currently over 50% of all patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are 65 years of age or older.	The study mentions the prevalence of NSCLC in patients aged 65 and older, but it does not directly address disease progression specifically in the 60-80 age range at the onset phase.
PMID:20471184	NO_EVIDENCE	To assess rate of disease progression from diagnosis to initiation of treatment for Stage I-IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).	This study addresses the rate of disease progression from diagnosis to treatment initiation rather than focusing on age-specific progression at onset.
PMID:38377969	NO_EVIDENCE	The objective of this study was to model multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression and compare disease trajectories by sex, age of onset, and year of diagnosis.	The study focuses on multiple sclerosis and not on non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:37681230	NO_EVIDENCE	Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung is a characteristic tumor that has both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components.	This study focuses on adenosquamous carcinoma and does not address age-specific progression of NSCLC in the 60-80 age range specifically at onset.
PMID:34911717	NO_EVIDENCE	To assess clinicopathological predictors and prognosis in early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) in Lynch syndrome with comparison to patients diagnosed from age 40 and up.	The study is about early-onset colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome and is not related to NSCLC.
PMID:26729443	NO_EVIDENCE	Non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring mutations in MET exon 14 and its flanking introns may respond to c-Met inhibitors.	While the study addresses genomic characteristics and treatment responses for NSCLC with MET exon 14 mutations, it does not specifically discuss disease progression at onset in the 60-80 age range.
PMID:29432718	NO_EVIDENCE	Among patients with previous lung cancer, the malignant potential of subsequent ground-glass opacities (GGOs) on computed tomography remains unknown.	The study examines ground-glass opacities among patients with a history of lung cancer, not specifically the progression of NSCLC in the 60-80 age range at onset.

0

name

Oncogenic Driver Mutations

description

Mutations in genes like EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF lead to uncontrolled cell growth and survival.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:22987962	SUPPORT	Mutations in EGFR best illustrate the therapeutic relevance of molecular classification. This article reviews the scope of presently known driving molecular alterations, including ROS1, BRAF, KRAS, HER2 and PIK3CA, with a special emphasis on aLK rearrangements, and outlines their potential therapeutic applications.	This reference confirms that mutations in genes such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF are recognized as driving molecular alterations that underpin the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:29989448	SUPPORT	Activating mutations in the EGFR and rearrangements in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) genes have been identified as oncogenic drivers in non-small-cell lung cancer.	The reference supports that mutations in EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 genes serve as oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth and survival.
PMID:35709927	SUPPORT	The aim of the current study is to extract meaningful information from the online somatic mutation data (retrieved from cBioPortal) of 16 most significantly mutated oncogenes in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), namely EGFR, NRAS, KRAS, HER2 (ERBB2), RET, MET, ROS1, FGFR1, BRAF [...] for improving our understanding of the pathobiology of the lung cancer.	This reference further lists EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF among the significantly mutated oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer, thus supporting the statement.
PMID:31627700	SUPPORT	Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer. [...] In patients with EGFR mutations, a significant improvement in therapeutic outcomes was achieved with the administration of targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors.	This reference confirms the crucial role of EGFR mutations in NSCLC pathogenesis, indicating their role in driving tumor growth and survival.
PMID:33435440	SUPPORT	Testing the presence of driver mutations in specific genes in lung tumors has thus radically changed the clinical management and outcomes of the disease. [...] namely EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, MET, and HER2 mutations or amplification, as well as ALK and ROS1 fusions.	This reference supports that identifying driver mutations in genes like EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF is crucial in the clinical management of NSCLC, implying their role in uncontrolled cell growth and survival.

1

name

Immune Evasion

description

Cancer cells develop mechanisms to evade detection and destruction by the immune system.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:27416962	SUPPORT	We are also beginning to understand the methods of immune evasion employed by NSCLC which likely contribute to the 20% response rate to immunotherapy.	The study indicates that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) employs methods of immune evasion, which aligns with the statement.
PMID:29107330	SUPPORT	Immune evasion is a hallmark of cancer. Losing the ability to present neoantigens through human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loss may facilitate immune evasion. Using LOHHLA, we find that HLA LOH occurs in 40% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and is associated with a high subclonal neoantigen burden, APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis, upregulation of cytolytic activity, and PD-L1 positivity.	The study describes immune evasion mechanisms such as HLA loss in NSCLC, supporting the statement.
PMID:37130455	SUPPORT	Since MHC-I antigen presentation is not essential for cell growth or survival, many cancers inactivate this pathway, and thereby escape control by CD8 T cells. Such immune evasion allows cancers to progress and also become resistant to CD8 T-cell-based immunotherapies, such as checkpoint blockade.	The study discusses how NSCLC cells evade the immune system by inactivating MHC-I antigen presentation, supporting the statement.
PMID:34484217	SUPPORT	These data raise the possibility that proteins with mechanical barrier function in NSCLC may be used by cancer cells to protect them from immune cell infiltration and immune-mediated destruction, which can otherwise be targeted effectively with immunotherapy or collagen therapy.	The study mentions mechanisms employed by NSCLC cells to evade immune destruction, supporting the statement.
PMID:37086716	SUPPORT	Enhanced T(RM)-like activity prior to tumor development shapes the evolution of tumor immunogenicity and can impact immunotherapy outcomes. Tumor immune evasion through loss of MHC class I protein expression and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.	The study outlines mechanisms of immune evasion in NSCLC, such as the loss of MHC class I protein expression, supporting the statement.

2

name

Angiogenesis

description

Tumors induce the formation of new blood vessels to support their growth and metastasis.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:12824870	SUPPORT	Angiogenesis, neovascularization from pre-existing vasculature, is necessary to supply oxygen and nutrition for tumor growth in both primary and distant organs.	This reference discusses the requirement of angiogenesis in the growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
PMID:36269457	PARTIAL	Pathologic activation of MET can be achieved with increased number of gene copies overexpression, or decreased protein degradation through several mechanisms, including mutations, amplifications, or fusions... Besides its role as primary driver, MET activation might also mediate resistance to kinase inhibitors in NSCLC with various other actionable alterations.	While the primary focus is not on angiogenesis, it mentions mechanisms of tumor growth and resistance, which can be linked to angiogenesis indirectly.
PMID:26222080	PARTIAL	Many patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma develop brain metastases that are resistant to conventional therapy. The median survival for untreated patients is 1 to 2 months, which may be extended to 6 months with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.	This reference indirectly supports the statement by talking about brain metastasis and tumor progression but does not specifically focus on angiogenesis.
PMID:22550239	NO_EVIDENCE	Lung cancer, of which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) composes the majority, is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide... field cancerization phenomenon...	The reference discusses field cancerization and the complexities of NSCLC but does not provide specific evidence related to angiogenesis.

3

name

Metastasis

description

Cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to distant organs, commonly to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:33533174	SUPPORT	Our results are suggestive for particular site- and sequence-specific metastasis patterns in human SCLC. SCLC bone metastases tend to appear together with liver metastases, while brain metastases occur together with adrenal gland metastases.	While this article primarily deals with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), it does mention metastasis pattern to common sites such as liver and adrenal glands, indicating support for the general concept of lung cancer metastasizing to these distant organs.
PMID:31151683	SUPPORT	Nearly 75% of patients have a disseminated carcinoma at diagnosis. Up to 50% of patients with localized disease will develop metastasis. Nevertheless, the current scientific evidence has demonstrated that when the metastatic disease is limited, particularly in specific locations such as the brain and the adrenal glands, a multidisciplinary approach with radical intent could achieve a longer survival.	This article supports the statement as it mentions that NSCLC can metastasize to the brain and adrenal glands.
PMID:23322021	SUPPORT	At least one third of the people with lung cancer develop brain metastases at some point during their disease, even often before the diagnosis of lung cancer is made. The high rate of brain metastasis makes lung cancer the most common type of tumor to spread to the brain.	This article further supports the statement by specifying the brain as a common site for metastasis of lung cancer.
PMID:36269457	SUPPORT	Pathologic activation of MET can be achieved with increased number of gene copies overexpression, or decreased protein degradation through several mechanisms, including mutations, amplifications, or fusions. Besides its role as primary driver, MET activation might also mediate resistance to kinase inhibitors in NSCLC with various other actionable alterations.	Although primarily focused on MET-driven tumors, this article aligns with the statement by addressing the mechanisms of how NSCLC can become metastatic.

0

category

Respiratory

name

Persistent Cough

frequency

FREQUENT

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:35224703	SUPPORT	A total of 219 NSCLC patients completed the sCSS, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese (LCQ-MC) and cough Visual Analog Scale (VAS)... The sCSS is a reliable, valid instrument for assessing postoperative cough in NSCLC patients.	This study supports that persistent cough is common in NSCLC patients.
PMID:37920959	SUPPORT	Persistent cough is one of the most frequent complications following lung cancer surgery... Multivariable regression analysis revealed that a duration of anesthesia exceeding 156 min and gastroesophageal acid reflux (GER) were independent risk factors of persistent CAP.	This study confirms the high frequency of persistent cough in patients after lung cancer surgery, aligning with the statement that persistent cough is a common phenotype in NSCLC.
PMID:29666219	PARTIAL	Compared with the cough-alone symptom group, the risks of dying or HRs were significantly higher for the groups presenting with breathlessness, systemic symptoms, weight loss, chest pain, cough with breathlessness, neurological symptoms and other symptom combinations.	While this study shows that cough is one of the symptoms among lung cancer patients, it does not explicitly address the commonality of persistent cough in NSCLC phenotypes.

1

category

Respiratory

name

Hemoptysis

frequency

OCCASIONAL

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:25359349	SUPPORT	Severe haemoptysis due to nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered a grim condition...	The study confirms that hemoptysis is a recognized condition associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
PMID:33563454	NO_EVIDENCE	There was no associated hemoptysis, hoarseness, epistaxis, or fever on systemic review.	The case report does not support the presence of hemoptysis in the specific instance of NSCLC described.
PMID:34807953	NO_EVIDENCE	A positive association was observed between scores of respiratory symptoms and deaths due to COPD and lung cancer.	The study does not specifically focus on hemoptysis as a symptom of NSCLC.

2

category

Systemic

name

Weight Loss

frequency

FREQUENT

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:35468688	SUPPORT	One of the reasons patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer are not fit for treatment is cancer cachexia, which is common (upto 75% of patients) in this group. This metabolic syndrome presents clinically as weight loss (muscle +/- fat), decreased physical function (patients less active) and anorexia on a background of systemic inflammation.	The literature indicates that weight loss is a common symptom in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer patients due to cancer cachexia.
PMID:35559635	SUPPORT	Associated symptoms, including hemoptysis or shortness of breath, or systemic symptoms, including anorexia or weight loss, greatly increase the likelihood of having lung cancer.	The literature mentions weight loss as a common systemic symptom associated with lung cancer, supporting its prevalence in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

3

category

Musculoskeletal

name

Bone Pain

frequency

OCCASIONAL

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:20536932	SUPPORT	Bone cancer pain is common in patients with advanced breast, prostate, and lung cancer as these tumors have a remarkable affinity to metastasize to bone.	The reference states that bone cancer pain is common in patients with advanced lung cancer, including NSCLC, indicating bone metastases.
PMID:26690845	SUPPORT	We conducted a large, multicenter, retrospective survey aimed to explore the impact of tumor bone involvement in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... Bone metastases were evident at diagnosis in 57.5% of patients.	This reference discusses the occurrence of bone metastases in NSCLC patients, which is linked to symptoms like bone pain.

notes

May indicate bone metastases

name	presence	evidence	frequency	synonyms
Carcinoembryonic Antigen	Elevated	TRUNCATED	OCCASIONAL	CEA
Cytokeratin Fragment 21-1	Elevated	TRUNCATED	OCCASIONAL	CYFRA 21-1

0

name

EGFR

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:23647298	SUPPORT	EGFR mutations are a relatively frequent event in non-small-cell lung cancer, generally consisting of exon 19 deletion or exon 21 substitution. In adenocarcinoma, additional rare mutations are detectable in the EGFR gene.	The reference indicates that EGFR mutations, including activating mutations, are a frequent event, which matches the statement that such mutations occur occasionally.
PMID:27926500	SUPPORT	The results of this study demonstrate that EGFR-TKI therapy results in survival benefits for EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC patients, regardless of gender, smoking history, pathologic type, type of EGFR mutations, brain metastasis and timing of targeted therapy.	This study further supports the association of EGFR activating mutations in NSCLC and the effectiveness of targeted therapies, implying the commonality and impact of these mutations.
PMID:32107398	SUPPORT	EGFR mutation status might be correlated to CT scans imaging phenotypes.	The research recognizes the frequent mutations in EGFR, validating the association stated in the provided statement.
PMID:30520383	SUPPORT	Moreover, 10 to 15% of all NSCLCs harbor EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) activating mutations.	The frequency (10-15%) explicitly mentioned aligns well with the occasional occurrence stated in the statement.
PMID:18957054	SUPPORT	Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are associated with the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.	The reference confirms that activating mutations in EGFR are significant and frequent enough to impact treatment and response, supporting the statement's claim.
PMID:32657049	SUPPORT	We describe the clinical features, genetic profile, and their correlation in NSCLC patients... The frequency of mutations in EGFR, MET, and RET were significantly higher in nonsmokers than in smokers.	By describing EGFR mutations as a notable factor linked with clinical and demographic attributes of NSCLC patients, it supports the occasional frequency mentioned in the statement.
PMID:23621221	SUPPORT	Mutations affecting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are good predictors of clinical efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.	The study acknowledges the association of EGFR mutations with clinical outcomes in NSCLC, supporting the idea of their occasional prevalence.

association

Activating Mutations

frequency

OCCASIONAL

1

name

ALK

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:30878128	SUPPORT	The ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene encodes a transmembrane protein rearranged in 2-7% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases.	The literature describes ALK rearrangements occurring in 2-7% of NSCLC cases, supporting the statement that ALK rearrangements are occasional in frequency in NSCLC.
PMID:35986977	SUPPORT	the presence of ALK/ROS rearrangements in our study is associated with an approximately threefold to fourfold increase in thrombosis risk in NSCLC patients.	The mention of ALK rearrangements aligns with the statement indicating that they are a recognised genetic association in NSCLC.
PMID:36806787	SUPPORT	more commonly recognized alterations (such as KRAS, BRAF, MET and ERBB family mutations, or ALK, RET and ROS1 fusions)	The literature identifies ALK rearrangements as part of more commonly recognized alterations/subtypes in NSCLC, supporting their occasional occurrence.

association

Gene Rearrangements

frequency

OCCASIONAL

2

name

ROS1

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:35200557	SUPPORT	ROS-1 rearrangement is found in 0.9-2.6% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), mostly lung adenocarcinomas.	The literature states that ROS-1 rearrangement occurs in a small percentage of NSCLCs, supporting the statement that ROS1 gene rearrangements are occasional in NSCLC.
PMID:35986977	SUPPORT	ROS and ALK rearrangement is highly associated with TE development, with HR of 4.04 (95%CI: [1.54,10.58]; p = 0.005).	The literature mentions ROS1 rearrangements in the context of their association with thromboembolic events, indicating the presence and relevance of these genetic alterations in NSCLC.
PMID:34325210	SUPPORT	For newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer patients with osteoblastic bone metastases...two were ROS1 rearrangement-positive.	This reference confirms the presence of ROS1 rearrangements in a subgroup of NSCLC patients, which aligns with the statement regarding the occasional frequency of these rearrangements.
PMID:36806787	SUPPORT	Less commonly identified alterations (such as...ROS1 fusions).	The literature identifies ROS1 fusions as less common alterations in NSCLC, which supports the occasional occurrence of these gene rearrangements.

association

Gene Rearrangements

frequency

OCCASIONAL

3

name

KRAS

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:33618059	SUPPORT	Mutation in the gene that encodes Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most common oncogenic driver in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, occurring in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinomas.	This reference confirms that KRAS activating mutations are present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
PMID:23723294	SUPPORT	Although EGFR mutations were most frequent in patients with ADC and never/light smokers from Asia, and KRAS mutations were most frequent in patients with ADC and ever/heavy smokers from Western countries, both were detected outside these subgroups.	This reference supports the occurrence of KRAS mutations in NSCLC, indicating they are within a notable frequency and linked to specific subgroups.
PMID:31862576	SUPPORT	KRAS mutations are one of the most prevalent alterations in non-small cell lung cancer.	This reference reiterates the frequent nature of KRAS mutations in NSCLC, aligning with the "occasional" frequency stated.

association

Activating Mutations

frequency

OCCASIONAL

0

name

Smoking

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:27188576	SUPPORT	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a heterogeneous class of tumours, represents approximately 85% of all new lung cancer diagnoses. Tobacco smoking remains the main risk factor for developing this disease.	This reference explicitly mentions tobacco smoking as the main risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:24976334	SUPPORT	The never-smokers had a significantly better prognosis than ever-smokers among Ad patients, whereas the light-smokers had a significantly worse prognosis than heavy smokers among Sq patients.	This study emphasizes the relationship between smoking and prognosis in different types of NSCLC, indicating that smoking is a significant factor.
PMID:9498897	SUPPORT	Tobacco smoke has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer down to the lowest exposure levels. Environmental tobacco smoke contains the same carcinogenic compounds as those found in the tobacco smoke inhaled directly by the smoker.	This reference discusses the carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoke, affirming its role as a risk factor for lung cancer.
PMID:34083039	SUPPORT	Smoking is a major risk factor for a variety of diseases, including cancer and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Tobacco smoke contains a mixture of chemicals, including a host of reactive oxygen- and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), among others, that can damage cellular and sub-cellular targets.	This review covers the role of smoking in cancer development, highlighting its significance as a risk factor due to the oxidative stress and inflammation it causes.
PMID:19020892	SUPPORT	Arsenic exposure was associated with non-small cell lung cancer. Silicosis turned out as major determinant of the cell type related with arsenic.	Although the focus is on arsenic exposure, the study indicates that non-small cell lung cancer can be associated with environmental carcinogens including tobacco.

notes

Major risk factor, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma

1

name

Radon Exposure

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:12075673	PARTIAL	Based on the most recent findings, there is some evidence that radon may contribute to lung cancer risk in current smokers in high residential radon environments... The situation regarding the risk of lung cancer from radon in non-smokers (ex and never) is unclear.	There is evidence that radon exposure may increase lung cancer risk in smokers, but the evidence for non-smokers is unclear.
PMID:38159450	SUPPORT	Miners increased risk of contracting lung cancer is included. It is concluded that the mine ventilation system satisfies the conditions required by the current radiological protection of the miners.	This study discusses the increased risk of lung cancer associated with radon exposure for underground workers, which supports the link between radon and lung cancer risk.
PMID:20429156	NO_EVIDENCE	Title: 'Environmental factors in cancer: radon.'	The provided literature does not contain any detailed content to evaluate the support of the statement.
PMID:25351923	SUPPORT	Human lung cancers are phenotypically more diverse and broadly constitute 2 types: small cell lung cancers and nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs)... lung cancers resulting from exposure to environmental agents.	The reference supports the association between environmental agents, including radon, and non-small cell lung cancer.

notes

Increases risk, especially in combination with smoking

0

name

Surgery

description

Lobectomy or pneumonectomy for localized disease

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:11720753	SUPPORT	Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In stages IA, IB, IIA, IIB and selected stages IIIA surgical treatment offers the best long-term prognosis when a complete resection can be performed. Standard operations include lobectomy, bilobectomy and pneumonectomy.	This indicates that lobectomy and pneumonectomy are standard surgical treatments for localized non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:37625619	SUPPORT	Lobectomy is the standard treatment for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).	This further reinforces that lobectomy, a type of surgery, is a standard treatment for localized non-small cell lung cancer.

1

name

Chemotherapy

description

Platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin or carboplatin) in combination with other agents

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:12094333	SUPPORT	Platinum-based chemotherapy is considered the standard treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several phase II trials using cisplatin in combination with new chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine, the taxanes, vinorelbine, and irinotecan, showed impressive response rates and suggested an improvement in overall survival.	This supports the statement that platinum-based chemotherapy (specifically cisplatin) in combination with other agents is a treatment for NSCLC.
PMID:1329222	SUPPORT	Carboplatin alone or in combination, in five separate phase II studies for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)... Subsequently, combinations of carboplatin/cisplatin, carboplatin/etoposide, and carboplatin/vinblastine have been evaluated in similar patient groups.	This supports the statement as it mentions that carboplatin, either alone or in combination with other agents, is used in the treatment of NSCLC.
PMID:26775594	SUPPORT	Of the 1564 patients who were included in the prospective study, 1520 received either cisplatin (54%) or carboplatin (46%) in combination with pemetrexed, gemcitabine, taxanes or vinorelbine.	The study provides evidence that both cisplatin and carboplatin, in combination with other agents, are used in the treatment of NSCLC.
PMID:35525024	SUPPORT	Platinum-based chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lacking a molecular driver alteration.	The mention of platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin or carboplatin) as a primary treatment supports the statement.
PMID:27166967	SUPPORT	Predicting the feasibility of platinum-based chemotherapy remains an important issue in elderly (over 70 years) patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).	This statement supports the use of platinum-based chemotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC, emphasizing its importance even in elderly patients.

2

name

Targeted Therapy

description

Drugs targeting specific mutations, such as EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib, gefitinib), ALK inhibitors (crizotinib, ceritinib), and ROS1 inhibitors (crizotinib)

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:34154330	SUPPORT	The review article presents the current state and development of the treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. It focuses on the therapeutic progress of traditionally targeted gene mutations EGFR, ALK and ROS1.	The reference discusses EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 inhibitors as targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:15946581	SUPPORT	The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a promising target in the treatment of advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently erlotinib and gefitinib are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.	The reference discusses erlotinib and gefitinib as EGFR inhibitors used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:22932130	SUPPORT	Both erlotinib and crizotinib have been shown to be effective and safe for subgroup populations, and now personalized treatment for nonsquamous NSCLC has progressed even further.	The reference confirms the use of erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) and crizotinib (ALK and ROS1 inhibitor) in targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:25240504	SUPPORT	The availability of ... the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib as well as ... the ALK-inhibitor crizotinib has recently changed the treatment algorithm of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.	The reference mentions the use of EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib, gefitinib) and ALK inhibitor (crizotinib) in treating non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:25322323	SUPPORT	The treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring chromosomal rearrangements of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been revolutionized by the development of crizotinib, a small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases ALK, ROS1, and MET.	The reference discusses crizotinib as an ALK and ROS1 inhibitor used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:27491402	SUPPORT	Currently, EGFR TKIs (e.g.: erlotinib, gefitinib, osimertinib) and ALK inhibitors (crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib) provided a new face for advanced NSCLC outcomes.	The reference supports the use of EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib, gefitinib) and ALK inhibitors (crizotinib, ceritinib) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:34125313	SUPPORT	Four FDA-approved drugs have significant activity against ROS1+ NSCLC: crizotinib, ciritinib, lorlatinib, and entrectinib.	The reference mentions crizotinib among the ROS1 inhibitors used for treating non-small cell lung cancer.
PMID:28089942	SUPPORT	Nowadays, different EGFR TKIs as afatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib are approved worldwide for the treatment of NSCLC harbouring EGFR mutations, in particular exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (Leu858Arg) substitution EGFR mutations.	The reference discusses the use of EGFR inhibitors (erlotinib, gefitinib) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

3

name

Immunotherapy

description

Checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) for tumors with high PD-L1 expression

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:28059852	SUPPORT	In accordance with recent results, US Food and Drug Administration approved a checkpoint inhibitor for first-line treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression, and European Medicines Agency approval is expected in early 2017.	The FDA has approved immune checkpoint inhibitors for first-line treatment of metastatic NSCLC with high PD-L1 expression, supporting the use of immunotherapy (including nivolumab and pembrolizumab) for these patients.
PMID:26927720	SUPPORT	Data so far available show some conflicting results, but PD-L1 immunohistochemistry looks likely to be introduced into clinical use for selecting patients for treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapies.	The mention of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry being introduced for clinically selecting patients for anti-PD-1 therapies supports the statement.
PMID:32189549	PARTIAL	A subset of patients who were treated beyond progression with ICI achieved a clinically meaningful response with durable disease control.	While it shows the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors, it is about treatment beyond progression and does not specifically address high PD-L1 expression.
PMID:29140105	PARTIAL	Single-agent durvalumab showed clinical efficacy and a manageable safety profile in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, particularly the >/=25% PD-L1+ population.	This supports the efficacy of durvalumab particularly in PD-L1+ populations but does not specifically mention nivolumab or pembrolizumab.
PMID:33306411	PARTIAL	For the majority of patients, ICIs are cost-effective for lung cancer management.	This supports the efficacy of ICIs but does not specifically address tumors with high PD-L1 expression.

4

name

Radiation Therapy

description

Used for localized disease, palliation of symptoms, or brain metastases

evidence

reference	supports	snippet	explanation
PMID:7540125	PARTIAL	recent notable developments have occurred involving radiation therapy (RT) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)... For palliation of tumor-related symptoms... metastases to the adrenal gland, liver, and subcutaneous tissues can be palliated successfully by brief courses of RT. Intrathoracic tumor symptoms are well palliated by brief courses of thoracic RT.	Supports the use of RT for palliation of symptoms and metastatic sites, but does not specifically mention its use for localized disease.
PMID:8853542	PARTIAL	In the palliation of non-small cell lung cancer... in the management of chest disease, bone metastases, and brain metastases.	Supports the use of RT in palliation of symptoms and brain metastases.
PMID:32140986	SUPPORT	Concurrent chemoradiation is the cornerstone of treatment of unresectable, locally advanced NSCLC.	Supports the use of RT for locally advanced (localized) disease.
PMID:30441934	SUPPORT	Radiotherapy should also be considered for locally advanced disease.	Supports the use of RT for locally advanced (localized) disease.
PMID:27467543	SUPPORT	Stereotactic body radiation therapy has been increasingly used to safely deliver LAT and provide high local control in nonoperable non-small-cell lung cancer patients.	Supports the use of RT for localized disease particularly in nonoperable cases.

Lung Cancer Respiratory Malignancy

NSCLC